Human rights to the street: Ethical frameworks to guide planning, design, and engineering decisions toward livability, equity, and justice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2021.1918Keywords:
pedestrian, ethics, walkability, equityAbstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in statements about people’s rights to our streets. Drawing broadly from the literature and from an examination of a comprehensive collection of these rights, this article works toward establishing a comprehensive ethical framework that can be used to guide planning, design and engineering decisions to support pedestrian rights for street and urban livability. To identify and propose these ethical principles and help achieve optimal livability for individuals, groups and society, we: (a) comprehensively examine the literature to clarify the various concepts of street livability and human rights to the street (as related to a collection of various pedestrian rights statements); (b) explore what is being said in these rights to better understand people’s needs and wants; and (c) provide a roadmap for planners, urban designers, and engineers to address these needs in practice. Building on the previous steps and incorporating business practice literature of Functional Area Ethics, relevant functional areas are identified to help professionals act in support of these pedestrian rights.
References
AASHTO. (2010). The road to livability. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Appleyard, B., Ferrell, C., Carroll, M., & Taecker, M. (2014). Toward livability ethics: A framework to guide planning, design, and engineering decisions. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2403, 62–71.
Appleyard, B., Ferrell, C. E., & Taecker, M. (2016). Toward a typology of transit corridor livability: The transportation/land use/livability connection. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1392701
Appleyard, D., Gerson, M. S., & Lintell, M. (1981). Livable streets. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Beatley, T. (1984). Applying moral principles to growth management. Journal of the American Planning Association, 50(4), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944368408976777
Beatley, T. (1989). Environmental ethics and planning theory. Journal of Planning Literature, 4(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/088541228900400101
Beatley, T. (1991). A set of ethical principles to guide land use policy. Land Use Policy, 8(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(91)90048-N
Beatley, T. (1994). Ethical land use: Principles of policy and planning. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Breines, S., & Dean, W. J. (1974). The pedestrian revolution: Streets without cars. New York: Vintage Books.
Beatley, T. & Jacobs, H. M. (1995). Ethical land use: Principles of policy and planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(3), 407.
Brooks, M. P., & the American Planning Association. (2002). Planning theory for practitioners. San Francisco: Planners Press, American Planning Association.
Brundtland, G. (1987). Our common future: Report of the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development. Oslo: United Nations.
Clinton-Gore. (2000). The Office of the President of the United States: Clinton-Gore livability agenda. http://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/011499.html
Croft, P., & Elazar, N. (2021, May 20). Guide information for pedestrian facilities. Report. ISBN 978-1-921991-58-5. Austroads. Australia and New Zealand. https://austroads.com.au/publications/traffic-management/ap-r423-13.
Dolan, C. (n.d.). Pedestrians bill of rights. http://www.sfexaminer.com/pedestrians-bill-rights/
Drillers School. (2020, August 13). Ethical issues in business functional areas that are relevant to them. School Drillers (blog). https://www.schooldrillers.com/ethical-issues-in-business-functional-areas/
Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2010). Travel and the built environment—A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 265–294 https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766
Ewing, R., Hajrasouliha, A., Neckerman, K. M., Purciel-Hill, M., & Greene, W. (2015). Streetscape features related to pedestrian activity. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 0739456X15591585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X15591585
FHWA. (2012, April 24). Livability initiative. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/livability/
Gellner, Arrol. (2021, May 20). Pedestrian offers bill of rights to city planners/catering to those on two feet could mean safer, quieter streets. https://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Pedestrian-offers-bill-of-rights-to-city-planners-2595086.php
Grembek, O. (2012). The relative vulnerability index: A framework for evaluating multimodal traffic safety. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xg8n6vr
Handy, S. (1996). Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 1(2), 151–165.
Handy, S., Boarnet, M., Ewing, R., & Killingsworth, R. (2002). How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 23(2), 64–73.
Harvey, D. (2008). The right to the city. New Left Review, 53, 23–40.
Levinson, D. (2018, July 9). A pedestrian bill of rights. Transportist. https://transportist.org/2018/07/09/a-pedestrian-bill-of-rights/
Liga Peatonal. (n.d.). Charter of pedestrian rights. http://ligapeatonal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CIDP_WebEng.pdf
Litman, T. (2011, June 17). Community livability: Helping to create attractive, safe, cohesive communities. Retrieved from http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm97.htm
Los Angeles Walks. (n.d.). Los Angeles pedestrian bill of rights, 1987. Retrieved from http://www.losangeleswalks.org/los_angeles_pedestrian_bill_of_rights_1987
McCann, B. (2008). Complete streets: We can get there from here. ITE Journal, 78(5), 24.
National Street Service. (n.d.). Jaywalker bill of rights. https://www.nationalstreetservice.org/jaywalker/
Partners for Livable Communities. (2012). What is livability? http://livable.org/about-us/what-is-livability
Rawls, J. (1979). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780
Riggs, W. (2011). Walkability and housing: A comparative study of income, neighborhood change and socio-cultural dynamics in the San Francisco Bay Area [Doctoral dissertation]. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
Riggs, W. (2016). Inclusively walkable: Exploring the equity of walkable housing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Local Environment, 21(5), 527–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.982080
Riggs, W., & Gilderbloom, J. (2016). Two-way street conversion: Evidence of increased livability in Louisville. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 36(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X15593147
Riggs, W., & Gilderbloom, J. I. (2017). How multi-lane, one-way street design shapes neighborhood life: Collisions, crime and community. Local Environment, 8, 917–933. http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/qZNFa3D9zyn9RD5chhvE/full
Ruiz-Apilanez, B., Arnaiz, M., & De Urena, J. (2015). Beyond lively streets. In L. Vaughan (Ed.), Suburban urbanities (pp. 130–150). London: University College Press. http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=579182
Schlossberg, M., Rowell, J., Amos, D., & Sanford, K. (2015). Rethinking streets: An evidence-based guide to 25 complete street transformations. Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1336858
Schor, E. (2009, October 5). LaHood’s twelve word definition of “livability.” http://dc.streetsblog.org/2009/10/05/lahood-defines-livability-in/
Sustainable Communities. (2009, June 16). About us: Livability principles. http://www.sustainablecommunities.gov/aboutUs.html
U.S. Department of Transportation. (2010). Draft USDOT strategic plan: FY 2010–FY 2015. Washington, DC: USDOT.
U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration. (May 2011). UTC Spotlight Conference focuses on livability—Research program and project management. In UTC Spotlight, Special edition: 2010 Spotlight Conference follow-up. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://rppm.org/documents/utc-spotlight-conference-focuses-on-livability/
VanZerr, M., & Seskin, S. (2011). Recommendations memo #2 livability and quality of life indicators. Portland, OR: CH2M Hill.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Bruce Appleyard, William Riggs

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with JTLU agree to the following terms: 1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. 2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. 3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.