Journal of Transport and Land Use

The distribution of shared parking use in time and space: A case study in Guangzhou, China

Juan Wang

Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute; Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Pengyu Zhu

Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2024.2408

Keywords: Shared parking lots, distribution in time and space, total number of transactions, average parking duration

---

Abstract

Shared parking enables private parking owners to share their parking spaces during idle time. In recent years, increasingly more research investigated people’s intentions to participate in shared parking schemes as well as optimization algorithms to match shared parking supplies and demands. However, little research has investigated the distribution of shared parking use in time and space in implementation. To fill this gap, this study uses the transaction records of 121 shared parking lots in Guangzhou, China, and applies a quasi-Poisson regression model to analyze the influence of a set of explanatory factors on the total number of transactions. The results show that the number of parking transactions is significantly influenced by implemented duration, parking lot capacity, land use of shared facility, number of POIs (point of interest), and transit stations within a range of 750 meters from the shared parking lot. This study also applies a linear regression model to analyze the effect of a set of explanatory variables on the average parking duration at shared parking lots. The results show that the average parking duration is significantly influenced by the land use of a shared facility, number of office buildings within 750 meters from the shared parking lot, and peak time of the shared parking lots.

---

References

Abbott, N. T., & Bigazzi, A. Y. (2017). Utilizing shared parking to mitigate imbalanced supply in a dense urban neighborhood: Case study in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Transportation Research Record, 2651(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.3141/2651-10

Al-Masaeid, H. R., Al-Omari, B., & Al-Harahsheh, A. (1999). Vehicle parking demand for different land uses in Jordan. ITE Journal, 69, 79–84.

Ardeshiri, A., Safarighouzhdi, F., & Hossein Rashidi, T. (2021). Measuring willingness to pay for shared parking. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 152, 186–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.08.014

Chang, C. T., Chung, C. K., Sheu, J. B., Zhuang, Z. Y., & Chen, H. M. (2014). The optimal dual-pricing policy of mall parking service. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 70, 223–243.

Cheng, Y., & Xie, C. (2017, Nov. 13). Parking lots are new stars of the sharing economy. China Daily. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-11/13/content_34466543.htm.

Daoud, J. I. (2017, December). Multicollinearity and regression analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 949(1), 012009.

Dobson, A. J., & Barnett, A. G. (2018). An introduction to generalized linear models. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press.

Drury, D. H., & Farhoomand, A. (1999). Innovation diffusion and implementation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 3(2), 133–157.

Fiez, T., Ratliff, L. J., Dowling, C., & Zhang, B. (2018). Data-driven spatio-temporal modeling of parking demand. Proceedings of the American Control Conference, 2757–2762. https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC.2018.8431681

Gao, S., Li, M., Liang, Y., Marks, J., Kang, Y., & Li, M. (2019). Predicting the spatiotemporal legality of on-street parking using open data and machine learning. Annals of GIS, 25(4), 299–312.

Han, Y., Zhang, Q., & Huang, W. (2019). Optimal parking space allocation model based on the shared parking in residential areas. CICTP 2019, 2588–2599.

Jiang, Y. P., Shao, X. R., & Song, X. C. (2021). Matching model between private idle parking slots and demanders for parking slot sharing. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, 147(6), 04021028.

Lalani, N. (1984). Evaluating shared parking for new developments. Public Works, 115(2), 64.

Li, C., Tao, Y., & Liu, S. (2019). A shared parking space optimization model to alleviate China’s parking problem Ccnsidering travelers’ tiered credit risk. Transportation Letters, 13(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2019.1700013

Liang, J. K., Eccarius, T., & Lu, C. C. (2019). Investigating factors that affect the intention to use shared parking: A case study of Taipei City. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 130(September), 799–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.006

Liu, W., Zhang, F., & Yang, H. (2021). Modeling and managing the joint equilibrium of destination and parking choices under hybrid supply of curbside and shared parking. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 130(June), 103301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103301

Mei, Z., Feng, C., Ding, W., Zhang, L., & Wang, D. (2019). Better lucky than rich? Comparative analysis of parking reservation and parking charge. Transport Policy, 75, 47–56.

Mingardo, G., van Wee, B., & Rye, T. (2015). Urban parking policy in Europe: A conceptualization of past and possible future trends. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 74, 268–281.

Nelder, J. A., & Wedderburn, R. W. (1972). Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 135(3), 370–384.

Nicholas. (2017, July 17). Chinese shared parking startup Airparking receives millions in RMB of Pre-A Round. Pandaily. Retrieved from https://pandaily.com/chinese-shared-parking-startup-airparking-receives-millions-in-rmb-of-pre-a-round/

Niu, Z., Hu, X., Qi, S., Yang, H., Wang, S., & An, S. (2021). Determinants to parking mode alternatives: A model integrating technology acceptance model and satisfaction–loyalty model. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 152(73), 216–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.08.010

Nourinejad, M., & Roorda, M. J. (2017). Impact of hourly parking pricing on travel demand. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 98, 28–45.

Parmar, J., Das, P., & Dave, S. M. (2021). A machine learning approach for modelling parking duration in urban land-use. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 572, 125873.

Premkumar, G., Ramamurthy, K., & Nilakanta, S. (1994). Implementation of electronic data interchange: An innovation diffusion perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(2), 157–186.

Rajabioun, T., & Ioannou, P. (2015). On-Street and off-street parking availability prediction using multivariate spatiotemporal models. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16(5), 2913–2924. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2428705

Rosner, B. (1975) On the detection of many outliers. Technometrics, 17(2), 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1975.10489305

Rye, T., & Ison, S. (2005). Overcoming barriers to the implementation of car parking charges at UK workplaces. Transport Policy, 12(1), 57–64.

Shen, T., Hong, Y., Thompson, M. M., Liu, J., Huo, X., & Wu, L. (2020). How does parking availability interplay with the land use and affect traffic congestion in urban areas? The case study of Xi’an, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102126.

Taylor, E. J. (2020). Parking policy: The politics and uneven use of residential parking space in Melbourne. Land Use Policy, 91, 103706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.11.011

Teodorović, D., & Lučić, P. (2006). Intelligent parking systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 175(3), 1666–1681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.02.033

Tsai, J. F., & Chu, C. P. (2006). Economic analysis of collecting parking fees by a private firm. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40(8), 690–697.

Westerlund, M. (2020). Citizen perceptions of government’s resistance to shared parking. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(5), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1354

Xie, J., Ye, X., Yang, Z., Yan, X., Lu, L., Yang, Z., & Wang, T. (2020). Impact of risk and benefit on the suppliers’ and managers’ intention of shared parking in residential areas. Sustainability,12(1), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010268

Yan, Q., Feng, T., & Timmermans, H. (2020). Investigating private parking space owners’ propensity to engage in shared parking schemes under conditions of uncertainty using a hybrid random-parameter logit-cumulative prospect theoretic model. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 120(September), 102776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102776

Ye, X., Sui, X., Xie, J., Wang, T., Yan, X., & Chen, J. (2020). Assessment of the economic and social impact of shared parking in residential areas. Information, 11(9), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/INFO11090411

Yuan, C. (2020, Nov. 27). Trending in China: Beijing tackles parking shortage with shared spaces. CX TECH. Retrieved from https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-11-27/trending-in-china-beijing-tackles-parking-shortage-with-shared-spaces-101633168.html

Zhang, F., Liu, W., Wang, X., & Yang, H. (2020). Parking sharing problem with spatially distributed parking supplies. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 117, 102676.