How density, diversity, land use and neighborhood type influences bus mobility in the Swedish city of Karlstad: Mixing spatial analytic and typo-morphological approaches to assess the indirect effect of urban form on travel

Todor Stojanovski

doi:10.5198/jtlu.2018.1089

PDF Appendices 1 and 2 Karlstad neighborhoods database

Published

2018-10-17

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 1 (2018)

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with JTLU agree to the following terms: 1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. 2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. 3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

How to Cite

Stojanovski, T. (2018). How density, diversity, land use and neighborhood type influences bus mobility in the Swedish city of Karlstad: Mixing spatial analytic and typo-morphological approaches to assess the indirect effect of urban form on travel. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1089

How density, diversity, land use and neighborhood type influences bus mobility in the Swedish city of Karlstad: Mixing spatial analytic and typo-morphological approaches to assess the indirect effect of urban form on travel

Todor Stojanovski

KTH Royal Institute of Technology

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-0254

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1089

Keywords: density, diversity, land use, neighborhood type, travel

Abstract

In the research on the effect of urban form on travel, a set of D-variables (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, etc.) describes land use. Typo-morphology studies the historical emergence and evolution of urban patterns and their elements. In the typo-morphological approach, land use is an underlying element of neighborhood type. Neighborhood type defines urban areas that are relatively similar according to a range of attributes, such as building types, lot sizes, street layouts and land uses. This paper juxtaposes these two approaches to investigate the effect of density and diversity, land use and neighborhood type on bus mobility in the Swedish city of Karlstad. The results show that the number of residents and jobs in standard 400-meter walksheds around bus stops explains a third of the variation in bus ridership, which corresponds to previous studies in Sweden. The scatter plots with neighborhood types indicate that bus patronage variables and the D-variables cluster in intervals. This information about ranges and maximums in bus patronage in different neighborhood types is particularly important for urban designers and planners who work with typologies, form-based codes (FBCs) or transit-oriented development (TOD).

Author Biography

Todor Stojanovski, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

Research assistant at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, the division for urban and regional studies

References

Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building. New York: Oxford University Press.

Batty, M. (1974). Spatial entropy. Geographical analysis, 6(1),1–31.

Batty, M. (1976). Urban modelling: Algorithms, calibrations, predictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Batty, M. (2005). Cities and complexity: Understanding cities with cellular automata, agent-based models, and fractals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Batty, M. (2017). Science of cities: Prologue to a science of planning. In B. Haselsberger (Ed.), Encounters in planning thought: 16 autobiographical essays from key thinkers in spatial planning (pp. 242–259). New York: Routledge.

Bertolini, L. (1996). Nodes and places: Complexities of railway station redevelopment. European Planning Studies, 4(3), 331–345.

Bertolini, L. (1999). Spatial development patterns and public transport: The application of an analytical model in the Netherlands. Planning Practice and Research, 14(2),199–210.

Bertolini, L. (2017). Planning the mobile metropolis: Transport for people, places and the planet. London: Palgrave.

Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723–744.

Cataldi, G., Maffei, G. L., & Vaccaro, P. (2002). Saverio Muratori and the Italian school of planning typology. Urban Morphology, 6(1), 3–14.

Cataldi, G. (2003). From Muratori to Caniggia: The origins and development of the Italian school of design typology. Urban Morphology, 7(1), 19–34.

Cervero, R. (1989). America’s suburban centers: The land-use-transportation link. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

Cervero, R., & Radisch, C. (1996). Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Transport Policy, 3(3), 127–141.

Cervero R., & Kockelman K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199–219.

Cervero, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Jacoby, E., Gomez, L. F., & Neiman, A. (2009). Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: Lessons from Bogotá. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(4), 203–226.

Chadwick, G. (1971). A systems view of planning. Oxford: Pergamon press.

Chorus, P., & Bertolini, L. (2011). An application of the node place model to explore the spatial development dynamics of station areas in Tokyo. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 4(1), 45–58.

Clifton, K., Currans, K., & Muhs, C. (2015). Adjusting ITE’s trip generation handbook for urban context. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 8(1), 5–29.

Conzen, M. R. G. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in town-plan analysis. Institute of British Geographers Publication 27. London: George Philip.

Currie, G., & Delbosc, A. (2011). Understanding bus rapid transit route ridership drivers: An empirical study of Australian BRT systems. Transport Policy, 18, 755–764.

Daniels, R., & Mulley, C. (2013). Explaining walking distance to public transport: The dominance of public transport supply. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 6(2), 5–20.

El-Geneidy, A., Grimsrud, M., Wasfi, R., Tétreault, P., & Surprenant-Legault, J. (2014). New evidence on walking distances to transit stops: Identifying redundancies and gaps using variable service areas. Transportation, 41(1), 193–210.

Engström C. J, Lindqvist A., Lagbo E., & Landahl, G. (1988). Svensk tätort. Stockholm: Svenska kommunförbundet.

Ewing, R. & Cervero, R. (2010). Travel and the built environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 265–294.

Franck, K. A. (1994). Types are us. In K. A. Franck & L. H. Schneekloth (Eds.), Ordering space: Types in architecture and design, (pp. 345–372). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Handy, S. (1996). Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 1(2),151–165.

Holmberg, B. (2013). Ökad andel kollektivtrafik-hur? En kunskapssammanställning. Lund, Sweden: Lunds universitet, LTH.

ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers). (2012) Trip generation manual. 9th edition. Washington. DC: ITE.

Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban Morphology, 13(2),105–120.

Kropf, K. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban Morphology, 18(1), 41–57.

Marshall, S., & Çalişkan, O. (2011). A joint framework for urban morphology and design. Built Environment, 37(4), 409–426.

Moudon, A. V. (1997). Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field. Urban morphology, 1(1), 3–10.

MSBK (Malmö Stadsbyggnadskontor). (2000). Översiktsplan för Malmö 2000 (Öp 2020). Malmö, Sweden: MSBK.

Newman, P. W. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1989). Cities and automobile dependence: A sourcebook. Aldershot, UK: Gower.

Parish, Y. I., & Müller, P. (2001). Procedural modeling of cities. In Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, 301–308.

Park, S., Choi, K., & Lee, J. S. (2015). To walk or not to walk: Testing the effect of path walkability on transit users' access mode choices to the station. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9(8), 529–541.

Pushkarev, B., & Zupan, J. (1977). Public transportation and land use policy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Rådberg, J. (1988). Doktrin och täthet i svenskt stadsbyggande 1875-1975. Stockholm: Statens råd för byggnadsforskning.

Rådberg, J., & Friberg, A. (1996). Svenska stadstyper: Historik, exempel, klassificering. Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan.

Rex, J. (1971). The concept of housing class and the sociology of race relations. Race and Class, 12(3), 293–301.

Scheer B. C. (2015). Strip development and how to read it. In E. Talen (Ed.), Retrofitting sprawl: Addressing seventy years of failed urban form (pp. 31–56). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.

Southworth, M. (1997). Walkable suburbs? An evaluation of neotraditional communities at the urban edge. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1), 28–44.

Southworth, M. (2005). Reinventing main street: From mall to townscape mall. Journal of Urban Design, 10(2), 151–170.

SSBK (Stockholms Stadsbyggnadskontoret). (1997). Stockholms byggnadsordning. Stockholm: SSBK.

SSBK. (2000). Översiktsplan för Stockholm 1999. Stockholm: SSBK.

Stead, D., & Marshall, S. (2001). The relationships between urban form and travel patterns. An international review and evaluation. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 1(2),113–141.

Trivector. (2005). Attityd och resvaneundersökning RVU 04 – sammanställning av resultat för Karlstads kommun. Lund, Sweden: Trivector.

Vanegas, C. A., Garcia-Dorado, I., Aliaga, D. G., Benes, B., & Waddell, P. (2012). Inverse design of urban procedural models. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 31(6), 168:1–12

Wegener, M. (1994). Operational urban models state of the art. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1),17–29.

Whitehand, J. W. R. (1987). The changing face of cities: A study of development cycles and urban form. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.

Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001). British urban morphology: The Conzenian tradition. Urban morphology, 5(2), 103–109.